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Polkadot: Web3 Interoperability | Decentralized Blockchain

adot: Web3 Interoperability | Decentralized BlockchainSkip to main contentEcosystemFeaturesDevelopmentAboutUse PolkadotThe blockspace ecosystem for boundless innovationThe blockspace ecosystem for boundless innovationGet your Web3 ideas to market fast with economics that work for youLearn about blockspaceLearn about blockspaceTrue interoperabilityPolkadot enables cross-blockchain transfers of any type of data or asset, not just tokens. Connecting to Polkadot gives you the ability to interoperate with a wide variety of blockchains in the Polkadot network.Economic & transactional scalabilityPolkadot provides unprecedented economic scalability by enabling a common set of validators to secure multiple blockchains. Polkadot provides transactional scalability by spreading transactions across multiple parallel blockchains.Easy blockchain innovationCreate a custom blockchain in minutes using the Substrate↗ framework. Connect your chain to Polkadot and get interoperability and security from day one. This ease of development helps Polkadot’s network grow.High energy efficiencyPolkadot consumes a small fraction of the energy used by conventional blockchains thanks to its next-generation nominated proof-of-stake (NPoS) model. Using the equivalent of ~6.6 US households worth of energy per year, Polkadot has the lowest carbon footprint↗ among proof-of-stake protocols analyzed in recent research↗.Security for everyonePolkadot's novel data availability and validity scheme allows chains to interact with each other in a meaningful way. Chains remain independent in their governance, but united in their security.User-driven governancePolkadot has a sophisticated governance system where all stakeholders have a voice. Network upgrades are coordinated on-chain and enacted autonomously and without forking the network, ensuring that Polkadot’s development remains future-proof and community-driven.Learn more about Polkadot’s technologyDiscover PolkadotPowering the Polkadot networkThe DOT token serves three distinct purposes: governance over the network, staking and bonding.GovernancePolkadot token holders have complete control over the protocol. All privileges, which on other platforms are exclusive to miners will be given to the Relay Chain participants (DOT holders), including managing exceptional events such as protocol upgrades and fixes.StakingToken holders keep the network secure and collect rewards by staking DOT. Polkadot’s advanced staking system is designed for maximum decentralization and fair representation, rewarding good actors and punishing bad actors to ensure network security.BondingNew parachains are added by bonding tokens. Outdated or non-useful parachains are removed by removing bonded tokens. This is a form of proof of stake.Learn more about DOT and stakingDiscover DOTLearn stakingAn open-source protocol built for everyonePolkadot is an open-source project founded by the Web3 Foundation↗.Web3 Foundation has commissioned five teams and over 100 developers to build Polkadot, including:ChainSafeParity TechnologiesPolkadot JSSoramitsuFounded by some of the blockchain industry’s foremost buildersLearn moreFrom the blogDevelopersThe Polkadot Alpha Program: A New Era of Collaborative BuildingThe Polkadot Alpha Program is a new initiative the helps lower entry barriers for teams eager to build in the ecosystem. Polkadot Blockchain AcademyPolkadot Blockchain Academy: Targeted Education for Builders and FoundersPolkadot Blockchain Academy, which celebrates its second birthday later this year, is already meeting the needs of two distinct Web3 groups.EcosystemPolkadot Showcases Industry-Leading Scalability in Positive End to 2023Polkadot’s final quarter of 2023 featured sustained organic growth, with pronounced spikes in transactional data in late December.Want to get involved?Join the communityor learn about how to build on Polkadot.EcosystemCommunityJobsWalletsDappsBrand HubTelemetry↗TreasuryFeaturesTechnologyBlockspaceDOT tokenStakingParachainsSystem parachainsXCMAuctionsOpenGovDevelopmentDocumentationGrants↗Bounties↗Blockchain AcademyBuildSubstrate↗Developer Heroes ProgramAlpha ProgramAboutAbout PolkadotBlogNewsroomRoadmapWhitepaperWiki↗FAQSupport↗ContactNewsletterSubscribe to the newsletter to hear about Polkadot updates and events.Subscribe© 2024Web3 Foundation↗Legal DisclosuresDisclaimerPrivacyManage Cook

波点不止草间弥生，Polka Dot的前世今生 - 知乎

波点不止草间弥生，Polka Dot的前世今生 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册波点不止草间弥生，Polka Dot的前世今生WAVELENGTH艺创展​艺术咨询、策展团队，艺术家从2014年MoCA那场《我的一个梦》至今，这些年和各大展览的观展人数一样激增的还有草间弥生这个名字的知名度。南瓜、镜屋以及波点这些符号化的语言早已和专注、谦逊的老奶奶绑定在一起。在Art is business之下，同时也闹出了去年fake展的笑话。这次复星的展也是褒贬不一，是砸钱炒一波冷饭还是给晚接触的人群一个不出国门的机会我们不作评论。倒是在观展前，大家可以了解下波点（polka dot）的“前世今生”。故事的最初来自居住于Andulucia的吉普赛姑娘，她们将银色的小圆镜缝在长裙上以抵御恶魔之眼。随后演变出的波点长裙出现在传统Flamenco舞者身上。Flamenco dancers British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, rocking Victory Dots在19世纪中期，波点元素开始成为英格兰男性服饰中的流行元素。而与此同时，Polka Dot也首次出现在印刷物上：那是 1857年的一本美国女性时尚杂志《Godey’s Lady’s Book》中一条关于穆斯林丝巾的描述。其实，早在18世纪，一家德国的布料公司已经开始生产这种印有大圆点的布料。但是限制于服装文化和还未现代化的工业技术，当时并未“飞入寻常百姓家”。而如今从显示器到印刷品，圆点已经遍布我们的生活。当然，艺术也不例外。最早开始玩点点的是新印象主义的创始人Georges Seurat。他放到现在应该也是个艺术届的Geek。时值印象主义的巅峰时期。不同于纯粹的印象主义，修拉在《大碗岛的星期天下午》中透视化的安排和成千上万的色点表现了其精确的光线与色彩的理论技法。实际上这和现代印刷技术异曲同工。A Sunday on La Grande Jatte -- 1884, 1884 -86 Georges Seurat然而当时的评论并没有给予太多好评，仅仅只是将其命名为了“Pointillism”，多数的负面评价直指修拉的科学化的技术尝试，这些貌似有良好品味的人并不希望看到在这种新兴画法中对于Ogden Rood的《现代色彩学》的依赖。La Parade de Cirque 1889即便这一次将人类大脑的视觉化模拟的尝试并未被人津津乐道，polka dot却在艺术中成为了一个常见元素。在20世纪的美国，polka dot发生了颠覆性的转变。在我们曾提到的POP Art背后的消费主义之下，这种干净简单的图案在大量的消费品上出现。La Parade de Cirque 1889I...I'm Sorry!, 1965-1966在1950年代，漫画通过简单的色彩（通常是四种：蓝绿色、洋红、黄、黑）和“Ben Day”技术将不同的点以不同的间距排列叠加以形成不同色调的视觉。Roy Lichtenstein可以说是Seurat点画法最好的传承者。他将Ben Day技术艺术化，通过放大漫画图像创作出了现代生活的生动切片。他总是诙谐的暗喻式地间接表现现代美国社会生活。“Forms In Space” (1985)而除了草间弥生、Roy Lichtenstein，怎么能忘了Damien Hirst？One of Hirst’s dot paintings (2012)达叔当年也是帅哥一枚，当然如今有点放飞自我了。乍看之下不知道达叔怎么想的。1988年开始玩起了polka dot。（可能闻到了另一种钱的味道。）在当年的Freeze上，达叔在仓库的墙上画了两个作品“EDGE”“Row”。他自述：为了创造那些结构、使用这些颜色、做一些东西的时候我突然明白我想要什么。那就是钉住色彩的愉悦。通过这种点画, 我或许可以发现所有艺术形式中最基本的东西：色彩自洽的协调感，色彩与色彩以一种完美的格式相互影响。25781个点应该是2012年之前Damien Hirst的点画中规模最大的了。而在过去24年中他每年将近创作60幅点画作品。当然这无法跟视波点为她的生命的草间弥生相比。https://www.zhihu.com/video/1100064643585851392作为polka dot的后来者，你将会受到很多评论的质疑。特别是其2018年的“Veil Painting”系列。卫报曾指出Veil Paintings和艺术家Emily Kame Kngwarreye作品之间的“神秘”的相似之处。Untitled, Awelye Emily Kame KngwarreyeJude Stewart认为正是Polka Dot的简单性使其具有温柔的质感。他写道“最细微的调整（将这些点紧密的聚合，或使其挤压重叠）可以产生一种加速的幻觉，甚至让人迷失方向。令人人沉醉和童趣性的感觉相结合使得其带有明显的女性气质。”当然这看起来并不是那么具有说服力。或许仅仅是因为polka dot从出生起自带的时尚属性，而潮流曾经一向被女性所引领吧。诚然，当今艺术圈的乱象使得polka dot随处可见，各种文化和亚文化都在声称波点是自己的代表。Polka Dot的意义被分割：用于科学化的艺术表达，指向边缘化的群体或被作为塑造女性化的方式等等。所以，也许草间弥生风靡的原因就在于她所表现的是对的：polka dot除了不女性化，更是能量和变化的表现。她在2005年的 Manhattan Suicide Addict中说到：“Polka Dot可以看做是太阳，全世界和我们的生活的能量体现。当然也可以是月亮，沉寂、圆滑、柔和、迷人、无意识的…Polka Dot是一种运动”。Polka Dot是无尽的。至少，它提供了对于性别、同一性、自我无尽而多样化的表达。发布于 2019-04-12 16:11草间弥生（Yayoi Kusama）​赞同 2​​添加评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

什么是波卡（Polkadot）？｜极简介绍版 - 知乎

什么是波卡（Polkadot）？｜极简介绍版 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册什么是波卡（Polkadot）？｜极简介绍版wens编译：PolkaWorldPolkadot 是将多个专用区块链连接到一个统一网络中的下一代区块链协议。作为「将互联网垄断的控制权交还给个人」这个广泛愿景的一部分，Polkadot 建立在先前区块链网络的革命性承诺的基础上，同时提供了几个基本优势。这些优势是什么呢？Polkadot 使区块链网络能够：可扩展孤立的区块链只能处理有限的流量。Polkadot 是一个分片多链网络，这意味着它可以并行处理多条链上的多个交易，消除了遗留网络上逐个处理交易的瓶颈。这种并行处理能力显著提高了可扩展性，为更多的采用和未来的增长创造了合适的条件。连接到 Polkadot 的分片链被称为 “平行链”，因为它们在网络上并行运行。定制说到区块链架构，一种模式并不适合所有。所有区块链都会做出权衡，以支持不同的功能和场景。例如，一条链可以优化身份管理，而另一条链可以优化文件存储。在 Polkadot 上，每个区块链都可以具有针对特定场景优化的新设计。这意味着区块链可以提供更好的服务，同时也可以通过省略不必要的代码来提高效率和安全性。基于 Substrate 开发框架，团队可以比以往更快、更高效地开发和定制他们的区块链。跨链协作Polkadot 上的网络和应用程序可以像智能手机上的应用程序一样共享信息和功能，而无需依赖具有可疑数据实践的中心化服务提供商。与以前主要作为独立环境运行的网络不同，Polkadot 提供了互操作性和跨链通信。这为创新的新服务打开了大门，并允许用户在链之间传递信息。例如，提供金融服务的链可以与另一条链通信，后者提供对真实世界数据（称为 Oracle 链）的访问，例如通过现货市场价格喂价给代币股票交易。自治Polkadot 上的社区根据自己的意愿来治理他们的网络，并在整个 Polkadot 网络治理的未来中持有透明的 stake。团队可以根据自己的需要定制和优化区块链的治理，尝试新的想法，或者交换预先构建的模块以加快部署速度。随着时间的推移，区块链治理模式甚至可以更完美，并随着需求和条件的变化进行升级。更容易的升级与所有软件一样，区块链需要通过升级保持相关性并随着时间的推移而改进。然而，升级传统的链需要 “硬分叉”，它创建两个独立的交易历史，可以将一个社区一分为二，通常需要几个月的工作。Polkadot 支持无分叉升级，允许区块链随着更好的技术出现而轻松地发展和适应。综上所述，这些核心功能可能会打开一个新世界，使人们重新掌控自己的数字生活。一些团队已经在为 Polkadot 构建一系列应用程序的有效解决方案，包括金融、游戏、数字身份、物联网、供应链管理、社交网络和云技术。Web3 基金会是负责管理 Polkadot 发展的组织，它为这些团队中的许多人提供了资助，资助 Web3 技术栈的各个层次的项目，从底层基础设施到钱包、平行链、桥和工具等生态系统组件。随着越来越多的团队意识到把项目部署到 Polkadot 上的好处和效率，Polkadot 生态系统日益壮大。Polkadot 独特的设计跟以往的区块链网络相比，为项目提供了更多的创新和灵活的迭代。通过将多个特定场景的链整合到一个可扩展的网络中，Polkadot 使区块链技术能够充分发挥它在现实世界场景中的潜力，产生新的市场，并为未来去中心化的经济体铺平道路。了解更多Polkadot Lightpaper ：https://polkadot.network/Polkadot-lightpaper.pdfPolkadot Wiki：https://wiki.polkadot.network/docs/en/learn-introduction风险提示：本文内容均不构成任何形式的投资意见或建议。imToken 对本文所提及的第三方服务和产品不做任何保证和承诺，亦不承担任何责任。数字资产投资有风险，请谨慎评估该等投资风险，咨询相关专业人士后自行作出决定。发布于 2020-06-10 14:19imtoken数字货币区块链(Blockchain)​赞同 14​​添加评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

经典图纹之——永恒的波尔卡圆点Polka dot - 知乎

经典图纹之——永恒的波尔卡圆点Polka dot - 知乎首发于FDC面料图书馆切换模式写文章登录/注册经典图纹之——永恒的波尔卡圆点Polka dot君莫笑今天，我偶尔看到下面这张1965年的时尚摄影，深深觉得在时尚界经久不衰的图纹中，波尔卡圆点是大众接受度最高的，其千变万化又始终如一的特性，甚至在艺术界，也令草间弥生这样的女艺术家终身以此为主题，乐此不疲。那么，这种经典图纹是从何时开始风靡全球的呢？今天就来了解一下。Harper’s Bazaar April 1965. Jean Shrimpton by Richard AvedonPolka dot 波尔卡圆点要说波尔卡圆点的名字起源，则要了解下波尔卡这种民间舞蹈。Polka是捷克的一种民间舞蹈音乐，源于19世纪中期的波希米亚。以男女对舞为主；基本动作由两个踏步和一个跳踏步组成，其音乐特点是节奏快速、活泼，二拍子，在第二拍的后半拍上常稍作顿挫。19世纪中叶风行于全欧洲，后在欧美等地流行。因为这种舞蹈的流行，当人们形容一种大热的产品时，都可以加上波尔卡前缀，其意思就是：超级火爆。1854年，“波尔卡圆点”第一次被正式采用，发表在《耶鲁文学杂志》的122期第7页上。这个图案的名字与波尔卡舞相同，使人怀疑这种图案是否与波尔卡舞有关，其实，叫这个名字的原因仅仅是此花纹和波尔卡舞是在同时开始著名的......Frédéric Bazille's 1867 painting Family Reunion, containing two women in blue polka dot dresses在这幅1867年的油画上，就出现了穿着波尔卡圆点图纹的妇女。其实，最多采用波尔卡点图纹的是西班牙佛朗门戈舞者，各种圆点装饰的长裙，是弗朗门戈舞蹈服装的主要特征。在西方时尚界，波尔卡圆点是从19世纪后期的英国开始流行。1897年的女士长裙1880年的法国时装屋Worth出品晚宴长裙1809 Habillement Cosaque. (Polka dots!)Girl's yellow dotted dress and pelerine (cape) with black lace trim, English, c. 1869.1869年的英国女童裙装1873，俄罗斯沙皇皇后Alexandra, Maria Feodorovna1810年的时尚插画，舞会裙装1862年的妇女照片那么，进入20世纪之后，波尔卡圆点就成了全球风靡的经典图纹，基本上所有的妇女都会有一件波尔卡圆点服装，其用途不仅仅是穿着，还是家居用品，童装，玩具上常见的图纹。1946年的圆点裙19721961波尔卡圆点最风光的时期是上世纪50年代，当时的女人们爱穿蓬松的过膝裙装，以黑底白点作为配色的图案是她们的首选。因此现在提到复古服饰，vintage装扮，少不了要配上一件波尔卡圆点蓬蓬裙。不过，波尔卡服装的千变万化，可不仅仅是蓬蓬裙这么简单，一百年来，设计师可谓灵感源源不断，各种不重样的波尔卡圆点设计，令人眼花缭乱。时尚百搭的波尔卡圆点，还将继续流行几百年——这是肯定的。发布于 2019-02-26 10:07图案摄影时尚​赞同 5​​1 条评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请转载​文章被以下专栏收录FDC面料图书馆搜集、展示国内外最新服装面料，为广大服装公司及服装设计师提供便利的

POLKA DOT中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

POLKA DOT中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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英语-中文（简体）

polka dot 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

polka dotnoun [ C usually plural ] uk

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/ˈpɒl.kə ˌdɒt/ us

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/ˈpoʊl.kə ˌdɑːt/

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one of a large number of small, round spots that are printed in a regular pattern on cloth

（衣料上的）圆点花纹

a shocking pink dress with white polka dots

带有白色圆点花纹的艳粉色连衣裙

a polka-dot bikini/bow tie

圆点花纹比基尼泳装／领结

(polka dot在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

polka dot的例句

polka dot

A new trend is growing to create sock monkey dolls from colorful striped or polka dot sockseven mismatched socks.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

Then there was a further transformation—a blue tie with red polka dots; then a blue tie; then the final transmogrification took place—the colour purple.

来自 Hansard archive

该例句来自Hansard存档。包含以下议会许可信息开放议会许可v3.0

The polka dots tells which branch the women belong to.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

Polka dots are most commonly seen on children's clothing, toys, and furniture, but they appear in a wide array of contexts.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

The base coat is layered over with polka dots or brushed patches of rust, copper luster, or black.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

Unusually, the world's first crack pipe vending machines are polka dotted.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

The cyclist with the most points led the classification, and was identified with a blue polka dot jersey.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

Her hair is tied with an oversized polka dot ribbon.

来自 Wikipedia

该例句来自维基百科，在CC BY-SA许可下可重复使用。

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

B1

polka dot的翻译

中文（繁体）

（衣料上的）圓點花紋…

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西班牙语

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Getting Started · Polkadot Wiki

Getting Started · Polkadot Wiki

Skip to main contentThe Polkadot Blockchain Academy is coming to Asia! Find out more ExploreLearnBuildMaintain KusamaSearchContributeEnglishEnglishHelp us translateExploreGetting StartedWalletsAppsDashboardsCommunity & ContributorsProgrammesMetadata ExplorerLearnBuildMaintainExploreGetting StartedOn this pageGetting StartedWelcome to the Polkadot WikiThe Polkadot Wiki serves as the central source of truth for Polkadot. It is a community-focused

initiative led by Web3 Foundation to keep an up-to-date resource on the best information for

learning, building, and maintaining on Polkadot.The Wiki has three main sections:Learn (for people who want to learn about Polkadot)Build (for people who want to build on Polkadot)Maintain (for people who want to maintain the Polkadot

network).Interact with Polkadot​AccountsTransactionsStakingPolkadot OpenGovProxy AccountsAccount IdentityParachainsBridgesBecome an AmbassadorWhat is Polkadot?​Polkadot is the first layer-0 (L0) blockchain that provides shared security and secure

interoperability to layer-1 (L1) blockchains. Those L1 blockchain attached to Polkadot are also

called parachains as their transactions are processed in parallel by

Polkadot. For more information about Polkadot see the dedicated page about the state of

Polkadot 1.0 released in mid 2023.Polkadot has an on-chain open governance (also called Polkadot

OpenGov) to orchestrate decisions, including accessing funds from the

treasury.The DOT token gives you the power to participate in Polkadot OpenGov,

staking, and parachains' crowdloans.The level of abstraction and generalization of Polkadot allows to build applications that are

specific to their use cases, and for those applications to communicate securely leveraging each

other value proposition. The trustless cooperation between applications is what makes Polkadot an

ideal ecosystem to build a web3 future.Polkadot: Are You Ready to Start Building?What is Polkadot?What can I do with my DOT?​DOT is the native token of the Polkadot Network. DOT can be used for

transaction fees, staking, governance, acquisition of a parachain slot and for enabling several key

functionalities on Polkadot.infoExplore Polkadot with a secure and user-friendly wallets listed on the

Polkadot website.:

the minimum balance required to have an active account on Polkadot Network. If your account

balance drops below the minimum, your account will be reaped. Learn more about

Accounts and the

Existential Deposit requirement.:

the minimum contribution required to join a nomination pool

and earn staking rewards for contributing to the security of the network. Learn more about

nomination pools.:

the minimum contribution required to participate in crowdloans for

parachain slot auctions.Around 20 DOT::

register an on-chain identity:

create a proxy account.:

the minimum stake required to submit your intent to directly nominate validators.:

the minimum amount of DOT required to become an active nominator and earn rewards, i.e. the

minimum active bond. To increase the chance of earning staking rewards, your stake should not be

less than the minimum stake among the active nominators, which is a dynamic threshold. If you have

lesser DOT than the minimum active nomination, please consider contributing to

nomination pools. Learn more about

becoming a nominator.:

you can create your own nomination pool.DOT has utility in Polkadot's democracy. Bonding DOT is

a requirement to create proposals, to endorse them and to vote on them when they become referendums.

Bonding

or 5% of requested funding is a requirement to make a

treasury proposal. DOT can also enable

you to participate in programs like the

Thousand Validators Program.Polkadot Gifts​Polkadot Gifts provide an easy way to:Onboard friends or family who are curious about blockchain but haven’t made the leap yet.Share your love of Polkadot and send any amount of DOT.Say ‘thank you’ or send someone tokens when you don’t know their address.Get friends and family set up to participate in crowdloans.Learn more about how you can create and send Polkadot Gifts

here.Why should you use Polkadot?​Whether you're a blockchain developer or if you're interested in taking part of

Polkadot's community, Polkadot offers a

platform for everyone. This wiki offers a place for builders and maintainers to utilize

tools and for brand-new learners to dive into educational material.Where to start learning?​The

Blockchain Fundamentals MOOC course

is a great introduction to start familiarizing yourself with blockchain concepts such as

cryptography and networks, and how these play into things like decentralization and cryptocurrency.This is recommended for users with backgrounds of all levels, and the course is free!Brand-New Polkadot learners​Polkadot's original white paper is a technical

summary around one possible direction of implementing the Polkadot network. This paper uses

rationale and technical details to support why this direction is beneficial. This original white

paper also explains how Polkadot's core components work together to build this decentralized

network.Polkadot's overview paper

is an updated version of the white paper that describes the protocol in more technical terms. We

would recommend reading this overview paper if you are interested in digging more into the

protocol itself.Polkadot's light paper is a visual, easy to

read, and less technical introduction into its blockchain technology. This paper dives into the

components of Polkadot but is understandable for both a non-technical and technical reader.Polkadot for Beginners: A non-technical guide to decentralization, blockchains & Polkadot -

a book funded by the Polkadot TreasuryPolkadot's specification is a GitHub repository that holds

the latest Polkadot Host protocol specification, Polkadot's specification tests of the many

components of the network, and the Polkadot Runtime specification. This repo holds algorithms and

explores how various processes function in the Polkadot network. The Polkadot specification takes

Polkadot's ideas and concepts from the light and the white paper but focuses on the technical

specs of the technology.Watching the Technical Explainer Videos:

These are great introductory videos that explain and demonstrate how to use Polkadot and its

User Interface.Reading

What is Polkadot? A Brief Introduction

on Medium. There are also other great articles to read on

Polkadot's Medium or

Web3 Foundation's Medium.Polkadot Study is a platform where developers can write tutorials for

the Polkadot ecosystem. Part of the development of the platform was funded by the

Kusama treasury. The platform also hosts

Substrate in Bits, a technical content

series aimed at solving the pain points of developers building with

Substrate and Rust.For brand-new learners of Kusama, Polkadot's canary cousin network: To learn more about how to build

and maintain on the Kusama network, please head over to our

Kusama Guide.Resources​Polkadot Crowdcast - List of all Crowdcast webinars that the

Web3 Foundation has done.Polkadot Explorer - Browser for the Polkadot network;

can be used for Polkadot, Kusama, or any Substrate-based chain.Polkascan - Real-time multi-chain data for Polkadot Relay Chain and

Parity Substrate chains.Subscan.io - Explorer for Substrate based chains.Polkadot Overview - Dr. Gavin Wood presents an overview of

Polkadot. (Video)Polkadot Overview -

Dr. Jutta Steiner presents Polkadot. (Video)Polkadot & Substrate Overview -

Dr. Gavin Wood presents Substrate (blockchain in-a-box + VM) and Polkadot, and builds a blockchain

on-stage in 30 minutes using Substrate. (Video)Community / Ecosystem - List of community rooms and channels to talk to others

about Polkadot.Sample Applications - Sample applications that are built on or currently being built for

Polkadot.Contributing Guide - Rules for contributing to the wiki.Polkadot Knowledge Base - Troubleshooting resources for

specific errors and problems.Edit this pageLast updated on Jan 16, 2024 by FilippoPreviousExploreNextWalletsInteract with PolkadotWhat is Polkadot?What can I do with my DOT?Polkadot GiftsWhy should you use Polkadot?Where to start learning?Brand-New Polkadot learnersResources© 2024 Web3 FoundationLegal DisclosuresDisclaimerPrivacy

Interoperable, Scalable, Public Blockchain | Polkadot

roperable, Scalable, Public Blockchain | PolkadotSkip to main contentEcosystemFeaturesDevelopmentAboutUse PolkadotA scalable, interoperable & secure network protocol for the next webGithubLatest version & historyDocumentationRead the documentationElement chatGet your questions answeredAny type of data across any type of blockchainPolkadot is a network protocol that allows arbitrary data — not just tokens — to be transferred across blockchains.This means Polkadot is a true multi-chain application environment where things like cross-chain registries and cross-chain computation are possible.Polkadot can transfer this data across public, open, permissionless blockchains as well as private, permissioned blockchains.This makes it possible to build applications that get permissioned data from a private blockchain and use it on a public blockchain. For instance, a school’s private, permissioned academic records chain could send a proof to a degree-verification smart contract on a public chain.Network GlossaryPolkadot unites a network of heterogeneous blockchains called parachains and parathreads. These chains connect to and are secured by the Polkadot Relay Chain. They can also connect with external networks via bridges.Connecting the dotsRelay ChainThe heart of Polkadot, responsible for the network’s shared security, consensus and cross-chain interoperability.ParachainsSovereign blockchains that can have their own tokens and optimize their functionality for specific use cases.ParathreadsSimilar to parachains but with a pay-as-you-go model. More economical for blockchains that don’t need continuous connectivity to the network.BridgesAllow parachains and parathreads to connect and communicate with external networks like Ethereum and Bitcoin.Consensus RolesNominatorsSecure the Relay Chain by selecting trustworthy validators and staking DOT.ValidatorsSecure the Relay Chain by staking DOT, validating proofs from collators and participating in consensus with other validators.CollatorsMaintain shards by collecting shard transactions from users and producing proofs for validator.Governance RolesCouncil MembersElected to represent passive stakeholders in two primary governance roles: proposing referenda and vetoing dangerous or malicious referenda.Technical CommitteeComposed of teams actively building Polkadot. Can propose emergency referenda, together with the council, for fast-tracked voting and implementation.Built with the best technologyPolkadot’s relay chain is built with Substrate↗, a blockchain-building framework that is the distillation of Parity Technologies’ learnings building Ethereum, Bitcoin, and enterprise blockchains.Polkadot’s state machine is compiled to WebAssembly (Wasm), a super performant virtual environment. Wasm is developed by major companies, including Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Mozilla, that have created a large ecosystem of support for the standard.Polkadot’s networking uses libp2p, a flexible cross-platform network framework for peer-to-peer applications. Positioned to be the standard for future decentralized applications, libp2p handles the peer discovery and communication in the Polkadot ecosystem.The Polkadot runtime environment is being coded in Rust, C++, and Golang, making Polkadot accessible to a wide range of developers.Parachains: parallel transaction processingParachains are specialized blockchains that connect to Polkadot. They will have characteristics specialized for their use cases and the ability to control their own governance.Interactions on parachains are processed in parallel, enabling highly scalable systems.Transactions can be spread out across the chains, allowing many more transactions to be processed in the same period of time.Current method: Single transactionPolkadot method: Multi parallelized transactionsLearn more about parachains Groundbreaking TechnologyPolkadot is solving many of the problems that have held back blockchain technology so far — all in one place, without compromising.A better security modelIn both Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake systems, blockchains compete with each other over resources to secure their networks, and blockchains are easily attacked until they develop a significant community to support their network.Polkadot takes a different approach by letting blockchains pool their security, which means that the blockchains’ security is aggregated and applied to all.By connecting to Polkadot, blockchain developers can secure their blockchain from day one.XCM: a secure cross-chain communication standardFor blockchains to work together and form the basis of Web3, they need a common language for communication. Polkadot sets the standard with XCM, a cross-consensus communication format and programming language that allows blockchains of different designs to securely exchange arbitrary data, code, and value. In this way, a new wave of rich cross-chain applications and services can be built that tap into the features and benefits of different chains.Learn more about XCMNext-generation Proof-of StakePolkadot pioneers an advanced, highly-efficient form of proof-of-stake called Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS). NPoS enables greater decentralization and fair representation by evenly distributing stake, allowing all DOT holders to participate in staking, and balancing the interests of smaller and larger DOT holders.DOT holders can help secure the network and collect DOT rewards by staking as a nominator or a validator. With Polkadot’s native nomination-pools, anyone with as little as 1 DOT can stake and collect rewards.Learn more about Staking on PolkadotA green, energy-efficient protocolIt’s hard to get behind blockchain as the next technological revolution when it wastes so much energy. Polkadot is designed to power the web’s next big wave of innovation, without the high energy consumption of conventional proof-of-work blockchains.Polkadot’s Nominated Proof-of-stake (NPoS) model uses a small fraction of the energy consumed by conventional blockchains, and has the lowest carbon footprint↗ among proof-of-stake protocols analyzed in recent research↗.Transparent on-chain governanceUpdates to the protocol happen fork-free via transparent on-chain voting, so protocol development never stalls due to the lack of a clear process. The relay chain uses a sophisticated governance mechanism that is designed to establish a transparent, accountable and binding process for resolving disputes and upgrading the network.DOT tokens are used to participate in governance decisions, including tabling proposals, voting, and bonding.Parachains are free to design their own governance mechanisms, allowing for maximum freedom without affecting other parachains.Learn more about Polkadot’s governance↗On-chain treasury for decentralized project fundingPolkadot’s governance system also features an on-chain treasury that the community can use to fund projects that benefit the network. Any DOT holder can submit project funding and bounty proposals, and can nominate community members for tips based on work completed.With tens of millions of DOT available for spending, the treasury represents a powerful resource for fueling Web3 innovation.Learn more about the Polkadot treasuryGRANDPA: a trustworthy consensus algorithmPolkadot uses its original GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive Ancestor Deriving Prefix Agreement) consensus for a more secure and resilient network. Under good network conditions, GRANDPA can finalize blocks nearly instantly. Under bad network conditions, like a network partition, GRANDPA can finalize large quantities of blocks (theoretically millions) at once when the partitions resolve.Learn more about GRANDPA↗RoadmapThe launch of Polkadot v1 began in May 2020 with the Relay Chain genesis block and finished in December 2021 with the launch of parachains. Several post-launch developments and optimizations are expected for the coming year and beyond.See Launch RoadmapWhat are teams building on Polkadot? Just a few examples:Smart contract chains with WebAssembly smart contracts (Astar↗, Moonbeam↗)Data curation networks that connect all file storage chains into curated data setsOracle chains that make off-chain data available to all contracts on the Polkadot network (Chainlink↗)Identity chains that link accounts to a persistent identity and enable access to other parachains through fewer accounts (Kilt↗)Financial chains that allow you to hold all your assets in one portfolio, including via bridges to Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin and ZCash (Acala↗, Parallel Finance↗)Internet of Things chains that set IoT standards for machine-to-machine communication (Robonomics↗)Zero Knowledge privacy chains, or bridges to existing ZK-snarks chainsFile storage chains that incentivize storing data on-chainBridge to Ethereum, allowing Ethereum smart contracts to interact with the Polkadot networkWant to get started?Build on PolkadotEcosystemCommunityJobsWalletsDappsBrand HubTelemetry↗TreasuryFeaturesTechnologyBlockspaceDOT tokenStakingParachainsSystem parachainsXCMAuctionsOpenGovDevelopmentDocumentationGrants↗Bounties↗Blockchain AcademyBuildSubstrate↗Developer Heroes ProgramAlpha ProgramAboutAbout PolkadotBlogNewsroomRoadmapWhitepaperWiki↗FAQSupport↗ContactNewsletterSubscribe to the newsletter to hear about Polkadot updates and events.Subscribe© 2024Web3 Foundation↗Legal DisclosuresDisclaimerPrivacyManage Cook

Polkadot Documentation | Learning & Resources

adot Documentation | Learning & ResourcesSkip to main contentEcosystemFeaturesDevelopmentAboutUse PolkadotDocumentationYour one-stop solution for documentation across the Polkadot ecosystem.Polkadot WikiThe definitive source of truth for the Polkadot ecosystem. This community-focused resource contains up-to-date technical information and high-level guides to help you learn, build, and maintain projects on Polkadot.Go to Polkadot Wiki↗Polkadot SpecThe official specification for the Polkadot protocol. Explore comprehensive technical information on areas including consensus, nodes, light clients and networking, with further links to external documentation.Go to Polkadot Spec↗Substrate DocsResources for blockchain builders and parachain teams using Polkadot’s SDK, Substrate. Learn the basics, explore hands-on tutorials, and deep dive into technical documentation of the Substrate source code.Go to Substrate Docs↗Additional ResourcesExplore further documentation and technical information to help you get the most out of building on PolkadotSupport Get answers to popular questions and solutions to current issues, browse trending topics, and get direction to useful resources through this comprehensive Polkadot support portal.Go to Support↗Web3 Research Browse industry-leading research from the Web3 Foundation in areas including cryptography, networking, and behavioral economics.Go to Web3 Research↗Ink! A comprehensive educational portal for the Ink! programming language, featuring the latest research, technical guides, and access to third-party tools.Go to Ink!↗Kusama Guide Everything you need to start exploring and get building on Polkadot’s canary network, Kusama.Go to Kusama Guide↗Want to get involved?Join the communityor learn about how to build on polkadotEcosystemCommunityJobsWalletsDappsBrand HubTelemetry↗TreasuryFeaturesTechnologyBlockspaceDOT tokenStakingParachainsSystem parachainsXCMAuctionsOpenGovDevelopmentDocumentationGrants↗Bounties↗Blockchain AcademyBuildSubstrate↗Developer Heroes ProgramAlpha ProgramAboutAbout PolkadotBlogNewsroomRoadmapWhitepaperWiki↗FAQSupport↗ContactNewsletterSubscribe to the newsletter to hear about Polkadot updates and events.Subscribe© 2024Web3 Foundation↗Legal DisclosuresDisclaimerPrivacyManage Cook

The hub for those interested in learning, building, or running a node on Polkadot. · Polkadot Wiki

The hub for those interested in learning, building, or running a node on Polkadot. · Polkadot Wiki

Skip to main contentThe Polkadot Blockchain Academy is coming to Asia! Find out more ExploreLearnBuildMaintain KusamaSearchContributeEnglishEnglishHelp us translate ExploreExplore Wallets, Applications and Programmes within the Polkadot Ecosystem. LearnLearn about Polkadot and how it provides Shared Security and Secure Interoperability to its Parachains. BuildMost up-to-date Information on the Status of the Development Tools in the Polkadot Ecosystem. MaintainInformation and Guides on how to Deploy a Node and Run the Network.Learn about Polkadot’s canary network KusamaKusama is Polkadot’s “canary network”, a scalable, multi-chain network for radical innovation and early stage Polkadot deployments. For developers, Kusama is a proving ground for all things Polkadot I.e runtime upgrades, on-chain governance, parachains, parathreads, etc.Discover KusamalanguageHelp improve this wikiThis wiki was started by and is maintained by Web3 Foundation. It is an open-source-ish project and aims to be the most extensive resource of knowledge on Polkadot and the Polkadot ecosystem.ContributeHelp Translate© 2024 Web3 FoundationLegal DisclosuresDisclaimerPrivacy

Learn about Polkadot · Polkadot Wiki

Learn about Polkadot · Polkadot Wiki

Skip to main contentThe Polkadot Blockchain Academy is coming to Asia! Find out more ExploreLearnBuildMaintain KusamaSearchContributeEnglishEnglishHelp us translateExploreLearnGeneralBasicsAdvancedXCM DocsPolkadot ComparisonsVideosFuture ImplementationsArchiveBuildMaintainLearnLearn about PolkadotLearn about the technology behind the Polkadot ecosystem, and the tools you can use to become a participant of Web3.️ GeneralGeneral Information to get started with Polkadot and Web3.️ BasicsStaking, Accounts, Transactions, Tokens and NFTs, and Governance.️ AdvancedAdvanced Concepts & Guides about Accounts, Staking, and NFTs.️ XCM DocsIn-depth documentation about the Polkadot's Cross-Chain Messaging (XCM).️ Polkadot ComparisonsComparison between Polkadot and other Networks. ️ VideosVideos about Polkadot and Related Topics.️ Future ImplementationsImplementations that will be deployed on Polkadot.️ ArchiveImplementations no longer live on Polkadot.PreviousMetadata ExplorerNextGeneral© 2024 Web3 FoundationLegal DisclosuresDisclaimerPrivacy